How To Make A Fresh Water Aquarium at Home 

AQUARIUM : Aquarium is  container (such as a glass tank)or an artificial pond in which living animals or plants are kept.

     

The Aquarium is an effective means of teaching for observation and study of different animals and plants . The Aquarium can be used for the development of the power of observation in the students.

An Aquarium can be set up in the following way in Home . You need these few things like : 

• Aquarium Tank
• Substratum
• Water
• Plants
• Water Animals

AQUARIUM TANK :

                                     There are available in the market aquarium tanks made of glass of various sizes . An aquarium of suitable capacity or size can be selected keeping in view the need.

SUBSTRATUM : 

                            The bottom or substratum of the aquarium tank is covered with a 2" thick sand or concrete powder and some pieces of earth, so that plant can be grown and the animals can live in the natural habitat.

WATER :

                  The water for the aquarium can be taken from any source. Water should contain chlorine.

PLANTS :

                                 Generally Hydrila , Valisnaria and such other plants are used in the aquarium so that oxygen and food are made available to the animals in sufficient amount.

WATER ANIMALS : 

                                  Some snails , shells , earthworm, insects etc. should be put in the aquarium. They are food for animals, especially for fishes .

                                

Place of Keeping : The Aquarium should be placed at a place where light and air is available in sufficient measure.

PRECAUTIONS : 

• Special care should be taken for light and temperature of water in the Aquarium 
• In cold places, electric light and electric heater can be used for warming
• The water of the aquarium should be changed from time to time.

                                  

                                

Mushroom Cultivation in Lab.

Mushroom Cultivation In Laboratory 

In present national call for developing human health mushroom cultivation plays an important role for high percentage of our population which is strictly consumed by per capita consumption of mushroom is very low. 

Mushroom being a good vegetarian food provide sufficient quantity of proteins , minerals, carbohydrates and vitamins which are essential for maintenance of good health. Mushroom an edible fungi is the most priced community among vegetables not only because of its nutritional value but due to its characteristics  Aroma and Flavor .

As a member of basidiomycetes they have the ability to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and in turn produce edible rooting organ which passes appreciable texture and better nutritive value.

The main phase of their life cycle is : 

1. Vegetative Phase : Presented by Mycelia Growth

2. Second Dominant Phase : It is constituting by fruiting body of great diversity . Some variety of Mushroom produce fruiting body underground. The Mushroom fruiting body divided into 5 parts:

Cultivation Method

The white Button Mushroom i.e  Agaricus bisporous is very popular throughout the world and most important on commercial scale. The Mushroom is extensively cultivated throughout the world and contributed about 60 % of total population production of  mushroom.

The optimum temperature for Mycelia growth is 20 - 25 C and also need a high percentage of relative humidity   85 - 95 %.

The whole process of Mushroom cultivation process can be divided into following steps.

• Spawn Production
• Compost Preparation
• Spawning 
• Spawn Running 
• Casting 
• Fruiting 

Spawn Production

Spawn is produced from fruiting culture / stocks of selected strains of mushroom under sterile condition . Stock culture may be produced in Lab or may be obtained .

Compost Preparation 

The substrate on which button mushroom grown is mainly prepared from  a mixture of plant waste Cereal straw, sugarcane, salts , urea, gypsum, supplements and water etc.

In order to produce mushroom It is recommended that each than of compost should contain 6.6 kg Nitrogen , 2.0 kg Phosphate and 5.0 kg Potassium .

During the first phase of compost preparation , Paddy straw is placed in layers and sufficient water is added to the stock along with fertilizers Wheat bran etc. The whole thing is mixed thoroughly with the straw and made into a stack . The stack is turned and again watered on second day.

On the 4th day stack is turned again for the 2nd time by adding Gypsum and watered.

The 3rd and final turning is given on 12th day when the color of compost changes into dark brown and it starts emitting a strong smell of Ammonia.

Spawning  

The Process of mixing spawn with compost is called Spawning.

In layer spawning about 3-4 layers of spawn mix with compost are prepared which is again covered with a thin layer of compost like in surface spawning.

Spawn Running

After  the spawning process is over then the compost is filled in polythene bags , trays which are either  covered with a newspaper or polythene . The Fungal bodies grow out from the spawn and takes about two weeks to colonies. The temp. maintained incropping room is 23+ - 2 C.

Casting

 The compost beds after complete spawn run should be covered with a layer of soil casting material should be having high porosity water holding capacity and pit should ranges between 7 - 7.5 . Low CO2 concentration is favorable  for reproductive growth at this stage.

Fruiting

Under favorable environmental conditions i.e  Temperature, Moisture, Humidity , Proper Ventilation and CO2 Conc. the fruit body initials which appears in the form of pin head short growing and gradually develop into Button stage.

 Job Vs Career : Which One Is Good For Livelihood

Jobs and careers both enable us to earn enough money to support, ourselves and our families, they do not mean the same thing. It is important to know whether you’re looking for a job or for a career to plan your professional goals. In this article we will discuss about the difference between a Job and a Career . How one can affect the other and how turn  a Job into a Career.

Now a days unemployment becomes a big issue . So peoples secure future their future they do part time job ,full time job rather they don't think about to build a great career.

What Is A Job ?

A job is work you perform to earn money to support your basic needs. It can be full-time or part-time and may be short-term. You might earn an hourly wage or a set pay check rather than a salary with benefits. You might need to learn certain skills connected with that role, but not all jobs require a specialized degree or advanced training.

No doubt, the job is one of the best sources of income to earn the livelihood. That is why, most of the youngsters join jobs, just after completing their education to earn a steady income, gain some experience, get independent and settled as soon as possible. Normally, people hold a job for a certain period. Once the purpose for which they joined the job is accomplished or when they get some better opportunity for life, the job holders will leave the job.

What Is A Career ?

A career is a long-term professional journey you may determine based on your passion . It is the path you embark upon to fulfill your professional goals and ambitions. You may require a certain level of education or training to achieve these goals. Individuals pursuing careers often have set salaries with benefits such as stock options, retirement plans, pensions and bonuses. They also gain benefits beyond money, such as personal pride, work satisfaction and self-worth.

Career is not just making money to earn bread and butter, but it is something bigger. It’s what a person loves to do, it is what a person interested in, it is what a person is passionate about, it is what that keeps a man working without getting distracted, it is something for which a person can take any kind of risk, it is what a person wants to see himself as, in the future.

Some Key Differences Between A Job And A Career :

The differences between job and career are indicated below:

1. The job is defined as a task or duty performed by a person for getting a salary or wages. Career refers to an occupation carried on by a person for his entire life.

2. A job is a trip, but career is a journey.

3. In a job you invest your time and skills to earn money, but when it is about career, you invest your time in following your dreams.

4. A job is when you work for a fixed time. Conversely, a career is when you don’t know whether it is morning or afternoon or night, you sleep late at night and wake up early just to learn and explore more and more.

5. A job is a means for securing the needs of life, but a career is an end in itself . 

6. People hold a job, for a short term while a career is seen a long-term goal of an individual.

How does a job affect your career?

You will likely hold many jobs throughout your career, even if you don’t have a set career path in mind when you first join the workforce. It may be helpful to consider every position you fill as a step in your life’s work. Your job can affect your career in these ways :

• Jobs makes up your Career

• You learn something different from each job

• Jobs provides you with network opportunities

• Hard work pays off

How to turn a job into a career

If you aim to have a career , you can work toward meeting that long term goal . Career is a life term learning process. These are some strategies that can help :

• Continuing learning and developing

• Get a Mentor

• Expand your Network

• Apply for an internship

Conclusion :

Now, it might be clear, that a job is very different from the career.  There can be some jobs in a person’s career. We can also say that there is only one career in a person’s life that incorporates all the jobs. A career is what you see yourself in the future. A job takes your time, provides you with some work and penny. However, a career not only gives you money but also opportunities to do what you love as well as satisfaction. One basic difference between job and career is that job is what you are doing at present, but career is what you have done so far and what you are going to do next . 

Top 5 Destinations To Visit in Himachal Pradesh

Top 5 Destinations To Visit In Himachal Pradesh

Himalayas in Himachal’ or one must say Himachal in Himalayas. ‘Him’ in Hindi literally means ice or snow and ‘alaya’ means home, which makes Himalayas ‘The Home of Snow’ and from there Himachal gets its name meaning ‘Land of Snow’.
While traditionally Himachal was known as a summer destination, the Department of Tourism & Civil Aviation Government of Himachal Pradesh  has taken special efforts to break the seasonality factor and has developed diversified tourism products to attract tourists in other seasons too. Now Himachal is known as “A Destination for All Seasons and All Reasons”.

In fact, the Department has laid a special emphasis on the development of activity-based tourism and opening up of new sub destinations. To promote tourism in the countryside and to unexplored areas, appropriate infrastructure is being developed within available resources. 

Himachal situated in the heart of the western Himalaya, identified as "Dev Bhumi" and is believed to be the abode of Gods and Goddesses. The entire State is punctuated with stone as well as wood temples. The shadowy valleys, rugged crags, glaciers and gigantic pines and roaring rivers and exquisite flora and fauna compose the symphony that is for ever Himachal. 

Scroll down and find the best Himachal Pradesh destinations that should definitely be on your travel list this year. And while these best places to visit in Himachal Pradesh are perfect for visiting throughout the year, here’s the best time to visit them to witness them in all their glory.

• Kullu - Manali : Country's Famous Hill Stations
• Shimla : The capital of Himachal Pradesh
• Dharamshala : The Residence of Dalai Lama
• Spiti Valley : Surreal and Magical
• Bir Billing : An Adventure seeker's paradise

1. Kullu Manali : Country's Famous Hill Stations

One of the best places to visit in Himachal Pradesh is Kullu and Manali. If you are on a lookout for fresh air and green mountains amidst the snow-covered ranges then Kullu Manali indeed should be on the top of your list. 

Manali offers the most magnificent views of the Pir Panjal and the Dhauladhar ranges covered with snow for most parts of the year.

Manali has many trekking options around it, making it a great base for exploring this side of Himalayas. River Beas provides great rafting options in the nearby town of Kullu.

Solang Valley

Hidimba Devi Temple

Rohtang Pass

2. Shimla : The capital of Himachal

One of the most famous hill stations of Northern India – Shimla which is the right mix of Indian glory with British sophistication. It is consecrated stunning landscape and fresh climate all through the year. Without a doubt, it is one of the best tourist places in Himachal Pradesh. 

Things to do:

• Full fill your shopping desire at the Mall Road

• Enjoy a trek to Jakhu hill and a visit to Lord Hanuman’s Temple

• Visit to the Viceregal Lodge to appreciate the British elegance

• Try your hands on Polo at Annandale which is 4km from the Ridge

•  

3. Dharamshala : The Residence of Dalai Lama

Dharamshala definitely has to be on your list of best Himachal Pradesh destinations. Famous not only because of its climate but also you get to see how multicultural Indian community lives in harmony with the Indo Tibetan community.

A beautiful and charming hospice in the natural valleys of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, with its cool hill station at an altitude of 1,475 meters above sea level, is making its visitors wonderfully beautiful with the great Tibetan leader Dalai Lama along with other Buddhist monks and monks And the presence of many Tibetan monasteries makes Dharamshala one of the most popular tourist destinations in India, its surroundings and the presence of great Buddhist culture. This hill station is the most different in India. Dharamshala is divided into two parts. Lower and The upper two areas are bungalows, churches, monasteries and cantonments surrounded by the mighty Dhauladhar mountains.

4. Spiti Valley : Surreal and Magical

Long winding roads and valleys that present unforgettable glimpses of cold desert and snow-crowned mountains welcome you when you set foot into Spiti Valley. Bordered on all sides by the Himalayas, Spiti Valley, located in Himachal Pradesh, has an altitude of 12,500 feet above sea level, and gets just around 250 days of sunshine in the year, making it one of the coldest places in the country.

The term Spiti means 'The Middle Land', as Spiti Valley separates India from Tibet. Scantily populated, Spiti is an adventure lover’s paradise, with a number of trekking trails that tourists can choose from. All of these treks start from Kaza (Spiti’s capital from where you make your base camp) to various peaks from where you can get panoramic views of the Himalayan mountains.

Lahaul used to be clubbed with the Spiti Valley when travel plans were made. This might still make a lot of sense, today. But, with the construction and opening of the Atal Tunnel, Lahaul has become very accessible and an extension of Manali trip for many! Even if folks don’t have many days on hand – heading to the other side of the tunnel is now a legit activity.

5. Bir Billing : An Adventure seeker's paradise

If you’re an adventure seeker, Bir Billing is the mecca for adventure sports and it has to be on your list of the top Himachal Pradesh tourist places. Bir is a small village which is located on the western side of Himachal Pradesh and is blessed with some refreshing climate.

The two small hamlets of Bir and Billing tucked away in the valleys of Kangra in Himachal are synonymous with Para Gliding. However, due to the global pandemic and the resulting lock down in the state, the only things taking flight in these scenic and stunning valleys have been the resident birds.

Apart from Paragliding, Bir Billing is also famous for its spiritual studies and meditation centers, stunning views of the Himalayas, Trekking and Camping options, beautiful Monasteries and Tibetan settlements.

Conclusion

Tourism is one major activity which helps in the growth and development of state economy. They too reveals that it acts as a motivator to the economy of Hilly State i.e. Himachal Pradesh.

We can say that tourism is a very productive activity both for the tourist and the government. As they support each other simultaneously. Also, the government should consider improving the conditions of the country as more and more number of tourist visit their country.

Yoga Asanas And Its Benefits

 Yoga Asanas And Its Benefits

                                                                  The word 'Yoga' is derived from the Sanskrit root 'Yuj', meaning 'to join' or 'to yoke' or 'to unite'. As per Yogic scriptures the practice of Yoga leads to the union of individual consciousness with that of the Universal Consciousness, indicating a perfect harmony between the mind and body, Man & Nature. 

Modern yoga is most commonly associated with the physical practice of asana, a series of postures often weaved together in styles such as Vinyasa Flow or Ashtanga. Asana practice is generally intended to build strength and stamina, to improve flexibility, coordination and balance, and to relax the body. However, this provides only one small aspect of the tradition of yoga as a whole.

YOGA  ASANAS

An Asanas is a body posture that is performed to benefit the health and mind. The term has been derived from a Sanskrit term that means “posture” or “pose”. While the gym is a new concept but performing different types of yoga asanas is an age-old concept. While often people feel that asanas do not involve intense cardio and weights, studies prove that asanas can help one in losing weight, stabilized period cramps, shoots up the health of the heart and digestion. Asanas can even be performed at home without any instruments.

Asanas essentially work to lubricate the muscles, joints, ligaments and other parts of the body. This helps to increase circulation and flexibility. They also help better the internal body health as different asanas work on different internal parts of the body. So if you have any health condition, you can look for a relevant asana to practice to help take care of the ailment.

Sometimes, people feel lethargic and drained without having any underlying medical condition. Practising daily asanas can boost up energy and also improve health. While absorbed in your daily busy schedule, asanas can help to retain the mind-body balance. Only 10 minutes of doing asanas can benefit your health. We list some of the asanas that can be beneficial for your health.

 

1. Surya Namaskar

It is the ultimate yoga asana. Even if you perform 10 sets of Surya namaskar it is enough for the overall healthiness of your body. It is usually performed at the dawn but can be practiced at any time of the day. Generally performed at the beginning of the ashtanga yoga practice. All eight limbs are involved during the practice of Surya Namaskara . 

It helps in better functioning of the body along with improving mental health. Surya namaskar corrects body posture, promotes balance, regulates hormonal cycle, boosts your energy, increases blood circulation, strengthens the heart, builds muscles, tones your body, enhances immunity, gives you a strong respiratory system, and many more. 

Benefits of Surya Namaskar:

• Helps with weight loss.

• Strengthens muscles and joints.

• Improved complexion.

• Ensures a better functioning digestive system.

• Helps combat insomnia.

• Ensures regular menstrual cycle.

• Useful in treatment of frozen shoulders.

2. Garudasana 

It is known to improve the sense of balance. It improves the concentration and releases upper back tension. It stretches hips, thighs, shoulders, and spine. It loosens the tendons and joint muscles

Benefits of the Eagle Pose (Garudasana)

    1. Stretches the hips, thighs, shoulders and upper back.

•  2. Improves balance.

•  3. Strengthens the calves.

•  4. Helps alleviate sciatica and rheumatism.

•  5. Loosens the legs and hips, making them more flexible.

3. Paschimottanasan

It is a forward bend in the seating position. It gives you an intense dorsal stretch. This is a classic pose from hatha yoga. It gives your whole back- from your spine, calves, hips to hamstring- a very good stretch.   

Benefits of Paschimottanasan

1. It can help stimulate the liver, kidneys, ovaries, and uterus.
2. It helps with symptoms of insomnia and promotes good sleep.
3. It helps calm the brain, thereby providing relief from stress and mild depression.
4. It can help improve digestion if practiced regularly .

4. Gomukhasana

A Sanskrit word, Gomukhasana literally translates into a cow face posture (go – cow, mukha – face, asana – pose). A seated yoga posture, Gomukhasana can be performed along with a set of different seated asanas. It helps stretch the arms, triceps, shoulders, and chest. Requiring the practitioner to sit erectly, it also enhances one’s posture.

Benefits of Gomukhasana

1. This asana helps to flex the back, making it more elastic.

2. It helps to cure stiff shoulders and also helps in releasing the cervical spine.

3.  Practicing the Gomukhasana also aids in the treatment of sciatica.

4.  It enhances the working of the kidneys, thereby helping those suffering from diabetes.

5.  Works on making the pericardium area more accessible.

5. Balasana

Balasana, also known as the child Pose, is, considered one of the most effective poses for people with sleep-related issues. The calmness and stability provided by this asana translate into sleep very quickly.  

Benefits of Balasana

1. The Balasana yoga or the asana helps release any tension in the chest.

2. It relaxes the back and spine and enables people to trust in yoga for good sleep.

3. It alleviates the stress felt by your shoulders and hands.

6. Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose)

It is a beginner backbend yoga asana that prepares you for deeper back bending exercises. It is an essential pose in the surya namaskar and can be an alternative to the ardha mukha svanasana. It is known for its ability to increase the flexibility of the spine.

Benefits of Bhujangasana

• 1. Strengthens the spine.

• 2. Stretches chest and lungs, shoulders, and abdomen.

• 3. Tones the buttocks.

• 4. Stimulates abdominal organs.

• 5. Helps relieve stress and fatigue.

• 6. Opens the heart and lungs.

7. Kapalbhati Pranayama 

Kapal – forehead; bhati – shining; pranayama – breathing technique

Here’s a very powerful breathing exercise that not just helps you lose weight but also brings your entire system into a perfect balance. It is called Kapalbhati Pranayama or Skull Shining breathing technique.

Benefits of Kapalbhati

1. Increases the metabolic rate and aids in weight loss.

2. Clears the nadis (subtle energy channels).

3. Stimulates abdominal organs and thus is extremely useful to those with diabetes.

4. Improves blood circulation and adds radiance to the face.

5. Improves digestive tract functioning, absorption, and assimilation of nutrients.

Conclusion

The purpose of Yoga is to create harmony in the physical, vital, mental, psychological and spiritual aspects of the human being. In the foregoing pages of this book, I have described the Technique of relaxation in different postures viz., standing, lying and sitting postures which brings in this harmony. Yoga is not mere practice for an hour or two in a day but it is the most scientific way of living, all the twenty-four hours of the day. During the whole day you may be only in one of these three postures and hence a skillful adjustment in them will effect the required harmony. "Yogasthah Kuru Karmani- Be established in Yoga and do all your duties." "Yogah karmasu Kausalam-Yoga is skill in action." Skill here means to be in tune with the nature of the Supreme Reality. 

Cryptocurrency : New Generation Future

 Cryptocurrency : New Generation Future

A Cryptocurrency is a digital designed to work as a medium of exchange through a computer network that is not reliant on any central authority , such as a Government or bank , to uphold or maintain it . 

Cryptocurrencies are digital token - not coin or cash - but digital money which allow people to make payments directly to each other through an online system set up to allow peer- to - peer transactions without needing a bank.

Cryptocurrency does not exist in Physical form (like paper money) and is not issued by a central authority. A Cryptocurrency is a tradable digital asset or digital form of money , built on blockchain technology that only exist online. Cryptocurrencies use encryption to authenticate and protect transactions, hence their name. There are currently over a thousand different cryptocurrencies in the world.

Bitcoin , first released as open source software in 2009, is the first decentralized cryptocurrency. Since the release of Bitcoin , many other cryptocurrencies have been created. 

Different Types of Cryptocurrencies

There are only 3 broad types of Cryptocurrencies currently in existence. These are -

• Bitcoin
• Altcoins
• Tokens

Bitcoin

It is the first cryptocurrency that was ever introduced and is considered the " Digital Gold " A unit of Bitcoin can be broken down into Satoshis , which is equivalent to the relationship of rupees and paise .

1 Bitcoin = 29,41,211 Indian Rupee (Varies time to time)

Bitcoin is open source ; its design is public , nobody owns or control Bitcoin  and everyone can take part. Bitcoin have some unique properties like

• Fast peer-to-peer transaction

• Worldwide Payment

• Low processing fees

 

Altcoins

Altcoin is a combination of the two words " Alternative " and " coin " and includes all alternatives to Bitcoin. The competing cryptocurrencies that were created as a result of Bitcoin success are known as Altcoin. Some of the well known Altcoin are as follows:

• Litecoin
• Peercoin
• Namecoin
• Ethereum
• Cardana

Tokens

• Crypto tokens are a type of cryptocurrency that represents an asset or specific use and reside on their own blockchain.

• Tokens can be used for investment purposes, to store value, or to make purchases.

• Cryptocurrencies are digital currencies used to facilitate transactions (making and receiving payments) along the blockchain.

• Altcoins and crypto tokens are types of cryptocurrencies with different functions.

• Created through an initial coin offering, crypto tokens are often used to raise funds for crowd sales.

 

Advantages and disadvantages of Cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrency has the following Advantages :

• Funds transfer between two parties will be easy without the need of third party like credit/debit cards or banks

• It is a cheaper alternative compared to other online transactions

• Payments are safe and secured and offer an unprecedented level of anonymity

• Modern cryptocurrency systems come with a user “wallet” or account address which is accessible only by a public key and pirate key. The private key is only know to the owner of the wallet

• Funds transfer are completed with minimal processing fees.

Cryptocurrencies have the following Disadvantages :

• The almost hidden nature of cryptocurrency transactions makes them easy to be the focus of illegal activities such as money laundering, tax-evasion and possibly even terror-financing

• Payments are not irreversible

• Cryptocurrencies are not accepted everywhere and have limited value elsewhere

• There is concern that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are not rooted in any material goods. Some research, however, has identified that the cost of producing a Bitcoin, which requires an increasingly large amount of energy, is directly related to its market price.

Conclusion

                            Cryptocurrencies present an optimistic future for not only India but the whole world. Regulation of cryptocurrency is inevitable and should be supported. But despite its speculative nature and public rumors, 3 predictions can be made on the basis of the current scenario in India: cryptocurrencies We will see more use, more misuse, and more rules in the future. One must be informed and cautious before investing.